Fig. 2

Effects of azoxystrobin (AZ), oxytetracycline (OTC), and their combination (AO) on the gut microbiota of Folsomia candida. Alpha diversity (Shannon and Chao indices) (A). PCoA of OTU file data using unweighted UniFrac distances) for different groups of gut bacteria (B). Significantly different OTUs between the control and treated groups (C). Evolutionary relationships of the OTUs (D). Classification of significantly different OTUs at the phylum and class levels and significantly different OTUs shared between the treated groups (E). The relative abundance of significantly different OTUs shared in all treated groups (F). Co-occurrence network analysis identifing the relationships among the bacteria, fungi, and Gammaproteobacteria (G). The size and color of the nodes represent the relative abundance and the associated type of OTU data (black, bacteria; green, fungi; and blue, Gammaproteobacteria). The colored lines indicate the links among the bacteria, fungi, and Gammaproteobacteria. * (P < 0.05) and ** (P < 0.01) indicate significant differences between the bacterial and fungal communities (two-tailed Welch’s t test), NS indicates “not significant”