Fig. 3
DHA and EPA differentially modulate gut metabolome in db/db mice. Global metabolic profiling on fecal was performed by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS (n = 5 male and n = 5 female per group). a Three-dimensional (3D) view of PCA score plot by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS analysis in male mice (combination of ions from positive and negative ion modes. R2X = 0.67, Q2 (cum) = 0.55). b 3D view of PCA score plot in female mice (R2X = 0.59, Q2 (cum) = 0.46). c, e Volcano plot (based on the combination of ions from positive and negative ionization modes) between db/db + DHA and db/db groups. g, i Volcano plot between db/db + EPA and db/db groups. Black points in the volcano plot represent significantly different metabolites which include key metabolites (highlighted in red) involved in glutamate metabolism and bile acid metabolism. d, f Pathway impact resulting from the differential metabolites (obtained from OPLS-DA model with VIP > 1) using MetaboAnalyst in DHA-fed mice. h, j Pathway impact resulting from the differential metabolites in EPA-fed mice. Small P value and big pathway impact factor indicate that the pathway is greatly influenced. Pathways of glutamate metabolism and bile acid metabolism were perturbed by DHA/EPA