Fig. 3

Clustering of nitrogen cycling gene profiles in vascular plants and bryophytes (a) and bar plots showing pathways (b) and genes (c) involved in nitrogen cycling that were enriched or reduced. A Bray–Curtis distance matrix between samples was visualized using a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot (a). Pathways that were statistically enriched/reduced according to edgeR (P_adjusted < 0.1) were included (b). Nitrogen cycling genes that were statistically enriched/reduced according to edgeR (log₂ fold change > 1 and P_adjusted < 0.1) were included (c). Negative log₂ fold change values indicate that the respective genes are more abundant in bryophytes whereas positive values indicate that the genes are more abundant in vascular plants