Table 1 Studies on probiotics/prebiotics and appetite control in human and animals

 Lactobacillus paracasei

Men

Decreased food intake

[220]

 Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus reuteri, magnesium stearate, and maltodextrin

Women

Decreased hunger score and emotional eating score by inhibiting NPY

[221]

 Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei

Broiler chicken

Decreased feed intake

[222]

 Hafnia alvei HA4597

High-fat-diet-fed obese mice

Decreased feed intake by increasing ClpB production

[223]

 Lactobacillus brevis SBC883

Rats

Increasing feed intake by increasing serotonin and ghrelin production

[224]

 Lactobacillus casei

Children with diarrhea

Improved appetite by altering gut microbiota (i.e. increased Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus)

[225]

 Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Larvae

Increased feed intake by altering gut microbiota and neuropeptide production

[226]

 Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium bifidum

Diet-induced obese mice

Decreased feed intake by altering gut microbiota and decreasing intestinal permeability

[227]

 Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Obese women

Decreased desire to eat

[228]

 Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Zebrafish

Decreased appetite by altering gut microbiota

[229]

 Oligofructose-enriched inulin

Children with overweight/obesity

Decreased food intake by decreasing ghrelin and increasing PYY

[56]

 Inulin-type fructans and/or whey protein

Adults with overweight/obesity

Decreased hunger, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption by altering gut microbiota (i.e., increased Bifidobacterium)

[230]

 Chicory

Mice

Induced satiety by altering gut microbiota (i.e., Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, Alloprevotella, Blautia) and increasing CCK and GLP-1

[231]

 Mannose oligosaccharide

Diet-induced obese mice

Suppressed appetite by altering gut microbiota (i.e., increased Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) and increased SCFAs production

[232]

 Digestion-resistant maltodextrin/fructooligosaccharides

Diet-induced obese rats

Decreased energy intake by increasing GLP-1 production

[233]