Fig. 5

Fecal microbiota transplant improves hippocampal synaptophysin level in vancomycin-treated type 1 diabetic mice. a Schematic drawing of fecal microbiota transplant (FMT). After a 1-week acclimation, mice were injected with streptozocin for 5 consecutive days to develop type 1 diabetic (T1D) mice and then administered with vancomycin (Van) for 7 weeks. Subsequently, fecal material from healthy age-matched donor mice (COND) was transferred to Van-treated T1D (T1DV) recipients (T1DVR) for 14 consecutive days. b The changes in acetate-producing bacteria in T1DV mice during FMT. c The change of fecal acetate level in T1DV mice during FMT. d Relative SYP mRNA expression level in the hippocampus of COND, T1DV, and T1DVR mice. e, f Relative SYP protein level detected by Western blotting and the corresponding quantitative data in the hippocampus of COND, T1DV, and T1DVR mice (n=3 mice per group). g, h Representative SYP immunostaining and the quantified relative SYP intensity in hippocampal CA1 region of CON, T1D, T1DV, and T1DVA mice at 7 weeks. Scale bar = 400 μm. Data are presented as mean±s.d. of n=6 mice per group. The difference between two groups was determined by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test with Bonferroni correction. The differences among three groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test, and data with different lowercase codes are significantly different (P < 0.05). n.s., no significant difference