Fig. 2

Vancomycin exposure alters the structure and function of the gut microbiota in mice. a The observed species and b Shannon index in normal control (CON), type 1 diabetic (T1D), and vancomycin-treated T1D (T1DV) mice at 3, 7, and 11 weeks (n=5–6 mice per group). c Relative abundance of the gut microbiota at the phylum level in cecum contents of CON, T1D, and T1DV mice at 3, 7, and 11 weeks (n=5–6 mice per group). d PCoA-based classification using the gut microbiome at the phylum level in cecum contents of CON, T1D, and T1DV mice at 3, 7, and 11 weeks (n=5–6 mice per group). e PCoA-based classification using the gut microbiome at the genus level in cecum contents of CON, T1D, and T1DV mice at 7 weeks (n=5–6 mice per group). f Top 10 microbes that significantly altered between T1D and T1DV mice at 7 weeks. g Cluster analysis based on Bray-Curtis distance using the predicted KEGG orthology abundances at level 1 of the gut microbiota in cecum contents of CON, T1D, and T1DV mice at 7 weeks. h Volcano plot analysis based on metabolism-related functions of the gut microbiota in cecum contents between T1D and T1DV mice at 7 weeks. i The change of fatty acid biosynthesis on the gut microbiota in cecum contents between T1D and T1DV mice at 7 weeks (n=4 mice per group). The difference between two groups was determined by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test with Bonferroni correction. The differences among three groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test, and data with different lowercase codes are significantly different (P < 0.05)