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Fig. 1 | Microbiome

Fig. 1

From: A probiotic has differential effects on allergic airway inflammation in A/J and C57BL/6 mice and is correlated with the gut microbiome

Fig. 1

Oral acetate-producing bacteria prevent airway inflammation in A/J mice. a Schematic representation of the OVA-inducing airway inflammation protocol and Bifidobacterium longum 51A (BL51A, Prob) or acetate administration in A/J mice. b Measurement of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) as assessed by Newtonian airway resistance (Rn) to increasing doses of methacholine in the OVA/saline, OVA/Prob, naive/saline, and naive/Prob groups (n = 4–7). c Levels (mmol/l) of acetate in the serum of the saline and Prob-naive groups (n = 4-8). #Acetate measurement 24 h before sensitization. d Total and differential (Eos, eosinophils; Neut, neutrophils; Mono, mononuclear) number of cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) of the OVA/saline and OVA/Prob groups (n = 4–5 mice per group). e Levels (pg/ml) of eosinophilic peroxidase (EPO) in lung tissue of the OVA/saline, OVA/Prob, and OVA/Prob-inactivated (inact) groups (n = 4–9). f Levels (pg/ml) of interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (INF)-γ in the BALF of the OVA/saline and OVA/Prob groups (n = 4–6 mice per group). g Total amount of OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a in the serum of the OVA/saline and OVA/Prob groups (n = 5). h Percentage of positive Treg cells (CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+) in the BALF of the OVA/saline and OVA/Prob groups (n = 4–6). i Total and differential (Eos, eosinophils; Neut, neutrophils; Mono, mononuclear) number of cells in the BALF of the OVA/saline and OVA/acetate groups (n = 4–6). j Levels (pg/ml) of interleukin (IL)-4 and (INF)-γ in the BALF of the OVA/saline and OVA/acetate groups (n = 4–6). k PAS-stained formalin-fixed histological sections of the lungs of the OVA/saline and OVA/Prob groups; scale bar represents 50 μm (×200 magnification, one representative of at least five), relative score and proportion of PAS-positive bronchi. l PAS-stained formalin-fixed histological sections of the lungs of the OVA/saline and OVA/acetate groups; scale bar represents 50 μm (×200 magnification, one representative of at least five), relative score and proportion of PAS-positive bronchi. The results are shown as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined using Student’s t-test and ANOVA (with Tukey post-test) where appropriate (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. ND, not detected). Data represent two independent experiments

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