Fig. 9

Schematic illustration for the mechanism. Mice with normal Hpa expression maintain microbiota homeostasis, and AP phenotype is not obvious. AP is exacerbated in Hpa-Tg mice, and the gut microbiota differs between Hpa-Tg mice and WT mice. The commensal Parabacteroides contributes most to distinguish the differences between WT and Hpa-Tg mice. In addition, the effect of Hpa in AP is alleviated by Parabacteroides administrations which produces acetate to reduce neutrophil infiltration in AP. AP, acute pancreatitis; Hpa-Tg, heparanase-transgenic; WT, wild type