Table 1 Dermatological pathologies associated with the modification of the skin microbiota

Acne vulgaris

Shifted microbial composition implying Cutibacterium acnes.

Platsidaki et al. [79]; O’Neil and Gallo [80]

Atopic dermatitis

Malassezia.

Hiruma et al. [81]

Increased Staphylococcus aureus and reduced quantities of Cutibacterium acnes and Lawsonella clevelandensis.

Francuzik et al. [82]

Seborrheic dermatitis

Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus predominated at lesioned sites.

Tanaka et al. [83]

Pityriasis versicolor

Malassezia spp.

Prohic et al. [47]; Moallaei et al. [84]

Blepharitis Chalazion Pterygium

Demodex.

Tarkowski et al. [85]

Papulopustular rosacea

Increasing population of Demodex mites.

Murillo et al. [22]

Demodex microbiota.

Proteobacteria and Firmicutes population increased and Actinobacteria population decreased.

Psoriasis

Depending on sampling method and sites.

Visser et al. [86]; Chang et al. [87]; Stehlikova et al. [88]

Swabs and biopsy samples from psoriatic lesions were enriched in Firmicutes.

Increased abundance of the genus Streptococcus and a low representation of Cutibacterium, while presenting discordant results on the representation of Staphylococcus.

Swabs from psoriatic lesions on the back and the elbow show increased abundance of Brevibacterium spp. and Kocuria palustris and Gordonia spp.

Significantly higher abundance of the fungus Malassezia restricta on the back and sympodialis on the elbow.

Occurrence of Kocuria, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus with Saccharomyces.

Staphylococcus aureus found to be more abundant in both psoriatic nonlesional and lesional skin while Staphylococcus epidermidis, Cutibacterium acnes, and Cutibacterium granulosum were more abundant in healthy skin. Incidence on the polarization of the Th17.

Vitiligo

Decreasing diversity and lower association between microbial communities in affected sites.

Ganju et al. [89]

Skin cancers

Production of AhR ligand by Malassezia spp.

Gaitanis et al. [90]

Skin bacterial load and AMP expression.

Natsuga et al. [91]

Actinic keratosis

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

Propionibacterium and Malassezia at higher relative abundances in healthy tissues.

Staphylococcus aureus in relatively more abundant in lesional tissues.

Wood et al. [92]

Diabetic foot ulcer

Decreasing population of Staphylococcus species, increased population of S. aureus, increased bacterial population

Redel et al. [93]

Lupus erythematosus

Decreased abundance and uniformity of the microbial populations. Staphylococcus epidermidis through the Staphylococcus aureus infection pathway.

Huang et al. [94]