Fig. 3

Barley leaf (BL) alters gene expression in mouse colon. a–f Mice were fed a standard chow diet (CD) or an isocaloric BL-supplemented diet for 2 weeks (n = 3). a Principle component analysis (PCA) of transcriptional profiling of the mouse colonic tissues. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA): F = 6.00, Df = 2, P = 0.017. b Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of the most significantly changed pathways. c Heat map of differentially expressed genes in peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway. Genes with fold changes of > 1 and false discovery rates of < 0.05 were considered to be differentially expressed. d Search tool for recurring instances of neighboring genes (STRING) network visualization of the genes in differentially expressed genes in the PPAR signaling pathway. Edges represent protein-protein associations. e Real-time PCR assay for the differentially expressed genes in PPAR signaling pathway (n = 10). f Immunofluorescent analysis of PPARγ (green) in mouse colonic sections. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 100 μm. Data are pooled from three independent experiments (e). Data are representative of two independent experiments (f). Data are mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ****P < 0.0001. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t test