Table 1 Factors affecting the composition of gut mycobiota
From: Intestinal mycobiota in health and diseases: from a disrupted equilibrium to clinical opportunities
Factors | Composition of gut mycobiota | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Delivery method | Natural birth | Fungi from mother’s genital tract ↑ Russulales ↑ | ||
C-section | Fungi from maternal skin and surroundings ↑ Saccharomycetales ↑ | |||
Gestational age | Preterm infants | Fungal diversity ↓ Saccharomycetales ↑ Candida ↑ | [37] | |
Term infants | Polyporales ↑ Russulales ↑ Stereum ↑ Malassezia ↑ | |||
Environment | Mice from Jackson Laboratory’s & Services (JAX) | Basidiomycota ↑ | ||
Mice from Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM-CE) | Ascomycota ↑ | |||
SPF mice "rewilded" into the wild | Candida ↑ Aspergillus ↑ | |||
Season | Spring | Sclerotiniaceae ↑ Nectriaceae ↑ | [19] | |
Summer | Trichocomaceae ↑ | |||
Autumn | Wallemiaceae ↑ Hypocreaceae ↑ | |||
Winter | Devriesia ↑ | |||
Diet and nutrition | Nutrition | Pistachio and almond | Penicillium spp. ↓ Candida spp. ↓ | |
Carbohydrate-rich diet | Candida ↑ | |||
High-fat diet | S. cerevisiae ↓ | |||
Protein-rich diet | Methanobrevibacter ↓ Candida ↓ | |||
2-hydroxyisocaproic acid (leucine derivative) | Candida ↓ Aspergillus ↓ | |||
Microbial metabolites of nutrients | Short chain fatty acid (SCFAs) | Aspergillus ↓ Metschnikowia ↓ | ||
Acetate | Tomentella ↑ | |||
Acetate and propionate | Nephroma ↓ Taiwanofungus ↓ | |||
Butyrate and total SCFAs | Tomentella ↑ | |||
Propionate | Loreleia ↑ | |||
Gender | Female | Mycosphaerellaceae ↑ | [19] | |
Male | Ascomycota ↑ Tetraplosphaeriaceae ↑ | |||
Metabolic disorder | Obese | Yeast fungi ↑ | [27] | |
Eutrophic | Filamentous fungi ↑ | |||
Maternal antibiotic exposure | Saccharomycetales ↑ | [37] | ||
Species | Gut Candida spp. only found in mammalian | |||
Chenghua, Yorkshire, and Tibetan pigs have different fungal abundance | ||||