Fig. 2

Gut DNA virome alterations in COVID-19 patients. a PCoA analysis of fecal DNA viromes in COVID-19 patients versus non-COVID-19 controls. Distribution of fecal viromes along each axis between the two groups was statistically determined by Mann-Whitney test, *p<0.05. b Inter-individual dissimilarity (beta-diversity) of fecal DNA viromes within each group. Between-group comparison was conducted by Mann-Whitney test, ****p<0.0001. For box plots, the boxes extend from the 1st to 3rd quartile (25th to 75th percentile), with the median depicted by a horizontal line. c Effect size of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) and host factors on fecal DNA virome composition variation. The effect size and statistical significance was determined via PERMANOVA analysis with permutation test (n=999), **p<0.01, *p<0.05. d Differential DNA viruses between COVID-19 patients and non-COVID-19 controls, identified by DESeq, adjusted for antivirals and co-morbidities. Only the significant species (FDR p<0.05) were plotted