Fig. 1

a, b Succession of bacterial microbiota, illustrated by nonmetric multidimensional scaling of unweighted Unifrac analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, during composting of dairy (closed symbols) and beef (open symbols) manure, with antibiotic-administered (ABX) and control (C) cattle treatments indicated. Static and turned composting conditions were combined for this analysis. Similarity circles were drawn based on 75% similarity at the small-scale and 70% in the externally heated condition. Significant factors include a small-scale: duration of composting (ANOSIM; R = 0.5, p = 0.001), cattle (beef or dairy) (ANOSIM; R = 0.06, p = 0.002), compost type (static or turned) (R = 0.1, p = 0.001), and antibiotic administration (ANOSIM; day 0, beef: R = 0.3, p = 0.04; dairy: R = 0.4, p = 0.0008) and b externally heated: time (ANOSIM R = 0.7, p = 0.001)