Fig. 1
From: Toothbrush microbiomes feature a meeting ground for human oral and environmental microbiota
Toothbrush microbiota taxonomic diversity reflects a subset of the human oral microbiota with minor influence from other body sites and the built environment. a Frequency-abundance of toothbrush microbiota; color intensity corresponds to taxon frequency of detection in HMP-II [20] oral microbiome samples. b Frequency of detection of conserved toothbrush-associated taxa (i.e., those in at least 50% toothbrush samples) across different sample types, including toothbrushes, indoor dust [3, 4], tap water [21, 22], shower head biofilms [unpublished], and various body sites from the human microbiome project (HMP-II) [20]. Heatmap intensity reflects frequency of taxon detection in the respective sample types. Sidebar color corresponds to taxon phylum and an asterisk indicates member of the “core toothbrush microbiota” (i.e., in at least 75% samples). c PCoA displaying species-level beta-diversity across microbiota of toothbrushes, relevant environmental samples, and human microbiomes. Color/shape correspond to sample type. d Alpha-diversity (Shannon index) for each sample type