Fig. 5

Treatment effects on fecal metabolomics in humans and mice. a Pre-post treatment variation in fecal metabolites within each treatment group in humans and b in mice using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analyses (OPLS-DA). c Statistical significance (-log(p)) of pre-post treatment differences (Δ) in NMR spectral bins (ppm) of fecal metabolites in mice. In blue, NMR spectral bins assigned to saccharin. Dotted horizontal line shows statistically significance for the FDR-corrected p value. d Presence of saccharin in mouse and e human post-treatment fecal samples. Dashed lines represent average noise ± SD (detection threshold). f Assessment of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in human fecal samples post treatment. h SCFA in mouse fecal samples pre- and post-treatment (n = 8/group). For (a, b), R2; Q2; and CV-ANOVA p value. For f, one-way ANCOVA p value, pre-treatment as covariate. For h, two-way ANOVA repeated measures with post hoc p value. W water, S saccharin