Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) as a novel model to study the relationship between the avian microbiome and microbial endocrinology-based host-microbe interactions

Table 4 Jejunum and colon architecture of high (HS)- and low (LS)-stress responsive Japanese quail

Tissue	Criterion (μm)	HS quail	LS quail
Jejunum	Muscularis externa	73.46 ± 2.68	75.83 ± 2.68
	Villus height	698.10 ± 7.72*	671.40 ± 7.76
	Villus width	78.90 ± 0.93**	75.14 ± 0.91
	Crypt depth	104.00 ± 1.46*	98.82 ± 1.38
	Villus/Crypt ratio	6.76 ± 0.13	6.82 ± 0.10
Colon	Muscularis externa	519.90 ± 14.32*	478.20 ± 13.02
	Mucosa (ML + MM)	406.00 ± 9.81	406.30 ± 10.60

* or ** denote significant difference (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01, respectively) of HS group vs LS group (N = 32 quail/group). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and were analyzed using unpaired Student’s t test with Welch’s correction as described in the “Methods” section
ML mucosal layer, MM muscularis mucosa

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