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Table 2 Cecal neurochemical concentrations of (HS)- and low (LS)-stress responsive Japanese quail before and after handling

From: Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) as a novel model to study the relationship between the avian microbiome and microbial endocrinology-based host-microbe interactions

Chemical

HS quail

LS quail

Control

0 min

30 min

60 min

Control

0 min

30 min

60 min

Norepinephrine

2.118 ± 0.204

2.819 ± 0.316

1.947 ± 0.168

2.118 ± 0.158

2.484 ± 0.260

2.220 ± 0.313

2.255 ± 0.269

2.440 ± 0.291

Epinephrine

0.689 ± 0.125

0.738 ± 0.138

0.711 ± 0.128

0.562 ± 0.130

0.531 ± 0.129

0.620 ± 0.099

0.533 ± 0.098

0.685 ± 0.085

Serotonin

26.522 ± 3.313

27.005 ± 1.477

29.642 ± 2.501

30.902 ± 2.229

20.971 ± 2.447

21.119 ± 2.163

19.340 ± 2.342b

21.622 ± 1.897b

Salsolinol

0.244 ± 0.129

0.357 ± 0.157

0.258 ± 0.138

0.238 ± 0.128

0.079 ± 0.057

0.035 ± 0.035

0.053 ± 0.053

0.043 ± 0.043

HVA

1.045 ± 0.448

1.597 ± 0.566

1.177 ± 0.368

0.917 ± 0.251

1.033 ± 0.560

0.706 ± 0.328

0.117 ± 0.073

0.215 ± 0.167

5-HIAA

4.562 ± 1.460

4.803 ± 1.958

3.071 ± 0.908

2.713 ± 0.824

0.464 ± 0.233b

1.664 ± 1.135

0.642 ± 0.408

0.574 ± 0.304

Dopamine

0.545 ± 0.168

0.446 ± 0.195

0.449 ± 0.161

0.318 ± 0.167

0.335 ± 0.115

0.552 ± 0.206

0.090 ± 0.053

0.172 ± 0.099

DOPAC

1.450 ± 0.665

3.055 ± 1.049

1.401 ± 0.615

1.407 ± 0.472

0.645 ± 0.322

1.244 ± 0.641

0.760 ± 0.495

0.579 ± 0.259

L-Dopa

0.612 ± 0.104

1.123 ± 0.327

0.517 ± 0.104

0.544 ± 0.143

0.512 ± 0.120

0.860 ± 0.201

0.444 ± 0.096

0.498 ± 0.092

Histamine

19.430 ± 2.066

20.036 ± 2.078

21.994 ± 1.173

20.002 ± 1.178

5.399 ± 0.810b

5.057 ± 0.595b

7.811 ± 2.366b

5.129 ± 1.205b

L-histidine

12.082 ± 2.107

11.262 ± 1.208

9.110 ± 0.745

9.882 ± 0.849

17.775 ± 5.932

13.453 ± 3.363

6.053 ± 0.523

10.141 ± 1.264

Unknown #1

0.159 ± 0.044

0.145 ± 0.041

0.100 ± 0.024

0.144 ± 0.035

0.188 ± 0.063

0.139 ± 0.057

0.090 ± 0.035

0.085 ± 0.037

Unknown #2

0.642 ± 0.106

1.553 ± 0.311a

0.613 ± 0.106

0.830 ± 0.203

0.885 ± 0.219

2.093 ± 0.533a

0.790 ± 0.162

0.589 ± 0.146

  1. aSignificant difference (p < 0.05) of group compared to respective control group within a row; comparisons do not indicate high- vs low-stress quail
  2. bSignificant difference (p < 0.05) between the same respective group of HS and LS line quail within a row; comparisons do indicate HS vs LS quail
  3. ND not detectable, 5-HIAA 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, DOPAC 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, HVA homovanillic acid, UNKN #1 Unknown #1, UNKN #2 Unknown #2, 5-HIAA 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, DOPAC 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, HVA homovanillic acid, UNKN #1 Unknown #1, UNKN #2 Unknown #2
  4. Values are μg of chemical per g of tissue except for Unknowns #1 and #2 which are μA per g of a tissue. All values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 12 quail/group). Quail were or were not (control) subjected to 15 min of handling stress and allowed to recover for 0 min, 30 min, or 60 min following stress before sacrifice, and data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s or Sidak post hoc test as described in the “Methods” section