Fig. 3

Place and mode of birth impact the infant growth. BMI z-scores (a) and weight for length (b) z-scores curves from delivery to 18 months of life according to mode of birth and place adjusted by covariates, breastfeeding duration, antibiotic intake during the first year of life, maternal pre-gestational BMI and infant BMI and weight for length (W/L) z-scores at birth. General linear model multivariate test adjusted by covariates was done and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Kruskal-Wallis was performed on the adjusted values (different letters indicate significant differences between three studied groups). C-section (CS, n = 58), hospitalized vaginal delivery (VAG, n = 85), and homebirth (HB, n = 23)