Fig. 4

Other types of transduction. a Lateral transduction (see description for prophage λ) and transduction of a chromosomal island by prophages in E. faecalis VE14089. The chromosome of E. faecalis contains multiple prophages including φ1 and the chromosomal island EfCIV583. Upon induction, φ1 and EfCIV583 are excised from the chromosome and replicated. EfCIV583 hijacks the structural proteins of φ1 when they are produced and a large number of phage particles that carry the EfCIV583 genome are produced. b E. faecalis VE14089 genome coverage patterns associated with prophage induction and EfCIV583 transduction. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) reads and purified VLPs were mapped to the E. faecalis genome. The lowest part of the box shows VLP read coverage on a log scale. The small numbers in this plot give × fold coverage for specific genome positions corresponding to prophages or the chromosomal island EfCIV583 and the surrounding areas that are likely transduced. The positions of known prophage-like elements and EfCIV583 in the E. faecalis genome are highlighted by grey bars. c Gene transfer agent-like packaging of the B. subtilis chromosome by the defective prophage PBSX. The B. subtilis chromosome contains a variety of prophages and prophage-like elements including the defective prophage PBSX [37]. Upon expression of the PBSX genes, phage-like particles are produced, which contain random 13 kbp pieces of the host chromosome [38]. d B. subtilis genome coverage patterns associated with prophage induction. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) reads and purified prophage particle reads were mapped to the B. subtilis genome. The positions of known prophages and prophage-like elements in the B. subtilis genome [37] are highlighted by grey bars