Fig. 4

Association and cluster of diseases predicted by the gut microbiome. a Plot of clusters in the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNHS) cohort (n = 1919). b Plot of cluster results in the replication cohort (n = 217). c Plot of 5 clusters in antibiotic-taking participants (n = 18). The optimal cluster was 5 in the GNHS cohort and 6 in the replication cohort. The clusters share consistent components between the two studies. In contrast, components are different between antibiotic-taking participants and control groups. Dimension1 (Dim1) and dimension2 (Dim2) explained 40.1% and 13.1% of the variance, respectively, in the GNHS cohort. The annotation for variables is as follows. AT African trypanosomiasis, AD Alzheimer’s disease, V1 amoebiasis, ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, BC bladder cancer, CD Chagas disease, CML chronic myeloid leukaemia, CRC colorectal cancer, V2 hepatitis C, HD Huntington’s disease, HCM hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, V3 influenza A, PD Parkinson’s disease, V4 pathways in cancer, V5 Prion disease, PCa prostate cancer, RCC renal cell carcinoma, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus, V6 tuberculosis, T1DM type I diabetes mellitus, T2DM type II diabetes mellitus, V7 Vibrio cholerae infection. d. Gut microbiome-predicted network of relationships among different complex human diseases. The relationship between diseases is determined by SPIEC-EASI with non-normalized predicted abundance data. The diseases that shared the same edge had the gut microbiome-predicted correlation