Fig. 1

Long-term β-glucan supplementation ameliorated cognitive impairment in diet-induced obese mice. The object location test was performed to evaluate the spatial memory of the mice (a–c). a Percentage of time spent with the object in the novel place to total object exploration time. b The total object exploration time. c Representative track plots of control (Con), HFFD, and HFBG groups recorded by SMART video tracking system in the testing phase. Note that the control diet-fed mouse spent more time exploring the object in novel place whereas the HFFD mouse did not show preference to the object in a novel place. The novel object recognition test was performed to evaluate object recognition memory of the mice (d–f). d Percentage of time spent with the novel object to total object exploration time. e The total object exploration time. f Representative track plots of control (Con). The nest building test was used to assess the activity of daily living of mice (g–i). g The nest score and h untore nestler weight (amount of untore nesting material) (n = 15 mice). i Representative nest of control (Con), high-fat and fiber-deficient diet (HFFD), and β-glucan supplementation in HFFD (HFBG) groups. Values are mean ± SEM. ^*p < 0.05 vs. Con. ^#p < 0.05 vs. HFFD