| Vegetarian pre-carnitine (n = 23) | Vegetarian post-carnitine (n = 23) | p value | Omnivore pre-carnitine (n = 33) | Omnivore post-carnitine (n = 33) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (%) | 61 | – | – | 73 | – | – |
Age (years) | 34.13 ± 1.70 | – | – | 29.79 ± 1.28 | – | – |
BMI (kg m-2) | 22.40± 0.55 | 22.51 ± 0.58 | 0.124 | 21.78 ± 0.58 | 21.76 ± 0.57 | 0.712 |
Plasma | ||||||
Glucose-AC (mg/dL) | 69.39 ± 2.21 | 75.65 ± 3.23 | 0.071 | 75.21 ± 1.96 | 79.30 ± 1.23 | 0.048* |
AST (U/L) | 11.30 ± 1.04 | 13.04 ± 1.40 | 0.167 | 15.39 ± 1.22 | 14.06 ± 1.41 | 0.367 |
ALT (U/L) | 7.22 ± 0.94 | 8.26 ± 1.21 | 0.335 | 10.97 ± 1.41 | 9.03 ± 0.91 | 0.064 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 9.60 ± 0.65 | 15.64 ± 4.60 | 0.200 | 11.62 ± 0.51 | 12.02 ± 0.53 | 0.422 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 0.51 ± 0.03 | 0.175 | 0.59 ± 0.02 | 0.61 ± 0.02 | 0.354 |
T-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 140.52 ± 4.27 | 144.30 ± 5.19 | 0.436 | 174.76 ± 5.39 | 178.94 ± 4.84 | 0.297 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 89.13 ± 11.31 | 97.96 ± 11.88 | 0.183 | 86.18 ± 10.15 | 80.58 ± 6.70 | 0.353 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 75.13 ± 4.25 | 80.83 ± 4.55 | 0.100 | 97.42 ± 4.78 | 102.33 ± 4.84 | 0.154 |
CRP C (mg/dL) | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.307 | 0.19 ± 0.09 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.292 |
TMAO (μM) | 1.82± 0.21 | 2.49 ± 0.28 | 0.038* | 3.05 ± 0.98 | 6.31 ± 1.47 | 0.029* |
Carnitine (μM) | 32.23 ± 1.25 | 34.55 ± 1.48 | 0.097 | 34.16 ± 1.20 | 32.86 ± 1.44 | 0.193 |
Urine | ||||||
TMAO (nmol/mmol Cr) | 33.98 ± 9.49 | 46.70 ± 6.19 | 0.160 | 53.62 ± 15.21 | 110.63 ± 26.21 | 0.015* |
Carnitine (nmol/mmol Cr) | 2.52 ± 0.63 | 8.43 ± 2.11 | 0.012* | 15.76 ± 6.53 | 18.27 ± 5.92 | 0.777 |