Table 1 Characteristics of study participants before and after 1 month of carnitine intake

Female (%)

61

–

–

73

–

–

Age (years)

34.13 ± 1.70

–

–

29.79 ± 1.28

–

–

BMI (kg m^-2)

22.40± 0.55

22.51 ± 0.58

0.124

21.78 ± 0.58

21.76 ± 0.57

0.712

Glucose-AC (mg/dL)

69.39 ± 2.21

75.65 ± 3.23

0.071

75.21 ± 1.96

79.30 ± 1.23

0.048*

AST (U/L)

11.30 ± 1.04

13.04 ± 1.40

0.167

15.39 ± 1.22

14.06 ± 1.41

0.367

ALT (U/L)

7.22 ± 0.94

8.26 ± 1.21

0.335

10.97 ± 1.41

9.03 ± 0.91

0.064

BUN (mg/dL)

9.60 ± 0.65

15.64 ± 4.60

0.200

11.62 ± 0.51

12.02 ± 0.53

0.422

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.55 ± 0.03

0.51 ± 0.03

0.175

0.59 ± 0.02

0.61 ± 0.02

0.354

T-Cholesterol (mg/dL)

140.52 ± 4.27

144.30 ± 5.19

0.436

174.76 ± 5.39

178.94 ± 4.84

0.297

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

89.13 ± 11.31

97.96 ± 11.88

0.183

86.18 ± 10.15

80.58 ± 6.70

0.353

LDL-C (mg/dL)

75.13 ± 4.25

80.83 ± 4.55

0.100

97.42 ± 4.78

102.33 ± 4.84

0.154

CRP C (mg/dL)

0.06 ± 0.02

0.09 ± 0.03

0.307

0.19 ± 0.09

0.09 ± 0.02

0.292

TMAO (μM)

1.82± 0.21

2.49 ± 0.28

0.038*

3.05 ± 0.98

6.31 ± 1.47

0.029*

Carnitine (μM)

32.23 ± 1.25

34.55 ± 1.48

0.097

34.16 ± 1.20

32.86 ± 1.44

0.193

TMAO (nmol/mmol Cr)

33.98 ± 9.49

46.70 ± 6.19

0.160

53.62 ± 15.21

110.63 ± 26.21

0.015*

Carnitine (nmol/mmol Cr)

2.52 ± 0.63

8.43 ± 2.11

0.012*

15.76 ± 6.53

18.27 ± 5.92

0.777