Fig. 4

RBX2660 fluctuated resistome structures of patients via the taxonomic transplantation. a Alpha diversity of baseline patient resistomes was comparable to that of RBX2660 (P = 0.18). b However, baseline patient resistomes had a greater antibiotic-resistant gene (ARG) reads per kilobase per million sample reads (RPKM, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). c Significant decrease in ARG RPKM was observed over time in all treatment groups (Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction, FDR < 0.05). Bars indicate mean of individual ARG relative abundances. D1, the first dose; D2, the second dose. d Patients and RBX2660 products were clustered separately in t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) analysis of resistome structures at day 0. Patient resistome became similar to RBX2660 over time, but the speed of change varied for each patient regardless of RBX2660 dose and taxonomic transplantation index. e RBX2660 simultaneously fluctuated both taxonomic and resistome structures more dynamically as compared to placebo. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001