Fig. 1
From: Maternal gut microbes shape the early-life assembly of gut microbiota in passerine chicks via nests
The fostering experiment on the zebra finch–society finch system. We performed a cross-reared experiment using the zebra finch (ZF)–society finch (SF) fostering system and sampled the gut contents of zebra finch hatchlings that were (a) raised by their biological brood parents (ZF-reared chicks), (b) foster parents (SF-reared chicks), or (c) hand-reared (the control group, excluding maternal influence). (d) Sampling design of the cross-reared experiment. Illustration by Hsiang-Ching Chen