Table 3 Differences in beta-diversity, using the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix, between groups of low, medium and high use of antimicrobials (AM) for all AMs combined, and separately for amoxicillin, azithromycin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and phenoxymethylpenicillin, in all children and separately for boys and girls with PERMANOVA

All AM

0.033^a

0.034^a

0.416^a

Low (291)–Medium (392)

0.174

0.110

0.607

Low (291)–High (125)

0.366

0.263

0.415

Medium (392)–High (125)

0.569

0.808

0.325

Amoxicillin

0.094^a

0.001^a

0.487^a

Low (252)–Medium (402)

0.802

0.092

0.944

Low (252)–High (154)

0.352

0.011

0.375

Medium (402)–High (154)

0.757

0.288

0.569

Azithromycin

0.006^a

0.024^a

0.273^a

Low (278)–Medium (399)

0.067

0.075

0.092

Low (278)–High (131)

0.219

0.252

0.256

Medium (399)–High (131)

0.370

0.562

0.713

Amoxicillin-clavulanate

0.256^a

0.877^a

0.304^a

Low (389)–Medium (267)

0.897

0.778

0.876

Low (389)–High (152)

0.202

0.281

0.633

Medium (267)–High (152)

0.455

0.421

0.437

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

0.197^a

0.504^a

0.574^a

Low (568)–Medium (135)

0.655

0.710

0.708

Low (568)–High (105)

0.187

0.410

0.276

Medium (135)–High (105)

0.738

0.802

0.347