Antimicrobial drug use in the first decade of life influences saliva microbiota diversity and composition

Microbiome

Table 3 Differences in beta-diversity, using the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix, between groups of low, medium and high use of antimicrobials (AM) for all AMs combined, and separately for amoxicillin, azithromycin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and phenoxymethylpenicillin, in all children and separately for boys and girls with PERMANOVA

Prescriptions	Pairwise (n)	All children	Boys (n = 375)	Girls (n = 433)
Prescriptions	Pairwise (n)	P	P	P
All AM		0.033^a	0.034^a	0.416^a
	Low (291)–Medium (392)	0.174	0.110	0.607
	Low (291)–High (125)	0.366	0.263	0.415
	Medium (392)–High (125)	0.569	0.808	0.325
Amoxicillin		0.094^a	0.001^a	0.487^a
	Low (252)–Medium (402)	0.802	0.092	0.944
	Low (252)–High (154)	0.352	0.011	0.375
	Medium (402)–High (154)	0.757	0.288	0.569
Azithromycin		0.006^a	0.024^a	0.273^a
	Low (278)–Medium (399)	0.067	0.075	0.092
	Low (278)–High (131)	0.219	0.252	0.256
	Medium (399)–High (131)	0.370	0.562	0.713
Amoxicillin-clavulanate		0.256^a	0.877^a	0.304^a
	Low (389)–Medium (267)	0.897	0.778	0.876
	Low (389)–High (152)	0.202	0.281	0.633
	Medium (267)–High (152)	0.455	0.421	0.437
Phenoxymethylpenicillin		0.197^a	0.504^a	0.574^a
	Low (568)–Medium (135)	0.655	0.710	0.708
	Low (568)–High (105)	0.187	0.410	0.276
	Medium (135)–High (105)	0.738	0.802	0.347

Significant results in bold
Adjusted for age, gender (not in gender-specific analysis), language and depth
p values adjusted for all pairwise PERMANOVA analyses with Benjamini-Hochberg method
^aPERMANOVA analysis with all (low, medium and high) AM groups

ISSN: 2049-2618