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Fig. 6 | Microbiome

Fig. 6

From: The extracellular vesicle of gut microbial Paenalcaligenes hominis is a risk factor for vagus nerve-mediated cognitive impairment

Fig. 6

Effects of Escherichia coli on the occurrence of cognitive impairment and colitis in mice with or without vagotomy. A Effects on the occurrence of cognitive impairment in Y-maze task. B Effects on the BDNF expression in the hippocampus. Effects on the BDNF+/NeuN+ (C), NF-κB+/Iba1+ (D), LPS+/Iba1+ (E), and IL-1R+ cell populations (F) in the hippocampus. G Effect on the IL-1β levels in the blood, assessed by ELISA. H Effect on the endotoxin levels in the blood, assessed by the LAL assay kit. Effect on the colon length (I), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (J), IL-1β expression (K), and NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population (L) in the colon. Effect on the composition of gut microbiota: cladogram (M) generated by LEfSE indicating significant differences in gut microbial abundances among NC (blue), Vx (purple), PH (red), and VxPH (green) group; OTUs (N); and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot based on Jensen-Shannon analysis (O). The threshold logarithmic score set at 4.4 and ranked. Yellow nodes represent species with no significant difference. P Effect on the endotoxin levels in the feces. Escherichia coli (EC, 1 × 107 CFU/mouse/day) were orally gavaged for 5 days in mice with or without vagotomy. Control mice with (Vx) and without vagotomy (NC) were treated with vehicle (saline) instead of bacterial suspension. Data values were indicated as mean ± SD (n = 6). Means with the same letters are not significantly different (p < 0.05). A, B, G, H, I, J, K, N, P One-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test

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