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Fig. 3 | Microbiome

Fig. 3

From: The extracellular vesicle of gut microbial Paenalcaligenes hominis is a risk factor for vagus nerve-mediated cognitive impairment

Fig. 3

Effects of Paenalcaligenes hominis and Escherichia coli on the occurrence of cognitive impairment and colitis in specific pathogen-free mice. Effects on the occurrence of cognitive impairment in Y-maze (A), NOR (B), and Barnes maze tasks (C). D Effects on the BDNF expression and NF-κB activation in the hippocampus. Effects on the BDNF+/NeuN+ (E), NF-κB+/Iba1+ (F), TLR4+/Iba1+ (G), LPS+/Iba1+ (H), and IL-1R+ cell populations (I) into the hippocampus. J Effects on the IL-1β expression in the hippocampus. K Effects on the endotoxin levels in the blood, assessed by LAL assay kit. Effects on the colon length (L), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (M), IL-1β expression (N), and NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population (O) in the colon. P Effects on the LPS levels in the feces. Paenalcaligenes hominis (PH, 1 × 109 CFU/mouse/day) and Escherichia coli (EC, 1 × 109 CFU/mouse/day) were orally gavaged for 5 days. Control mice (NC) were treated with vehicle (saline) instead of bacterial suspension. Data values were indicated as mean ± SD (n = 6). Means with the same letters are not significantly different (p < 0.05). A, B, C, K, L, M, N Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post hoc test for non-parametric analysis. J, P One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test

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