Fig. 4

Geographical variance of raw milk resistomes in the USA. a The total normalized abundance of ARGs in raw milk samples (NovaSeq S4; n = 16) from different states. b The number of observed unique ARGs in raw milk samples (n = 16) from different states. c NMDS of raw milk resistome based on a Bray-Curtis dissimilarity calculation (k = 2; stress = 0.04; linear fit, R² = 0.99; non-metric fit, R² = 0.99). Polygons were applied to raw milk samples collected from the same area. d Relative abundance of ARGs by class of antibiotics per sample. e Relative abundance of bacterial genus per raw milk sample across states. A Kruskal-Wallis test was implemented to assess the statistical differences of normalized abundance and richness across milks