Fig. 1

IPA replenishment protects against radiation-induced mortality in vitro and in vivo. a, b The concentrations of IPA in fecal pellets from each cohort was measured at the end of receiving 10 days of FMT. The IPA levels are not significantly different between control vs TAI + FMT or TBI + FMT. Significant differences between each two cohorts are indicated: *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01; Student’s t test. c The relative abundance of g_Clostridium was compared among control, TAI, and TAI + hydrogen-water groups through 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. d Kaplan-Meier analysis of male mice treated with the indicated irradiation and with IPA or saline. n = 24 per group. *P < 0.05 by log-rank test between 7.5 mg/ml IPA and TBI groups. e, f Body weights were compared among male mice after 7.2 Gy TBI or 12 Gy TAI, n = 24 per group; Significant differences between each two cohorts are indicated: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.005; Student’s t test. g–i The effects of concentration gradient IPA on the proliferation of MODE-K cells (g) and HIEC-6 cells (h–j) were assessed by CCK-8 assays and cloning formation assays, respectively. Significant differences between each two cohorts are indicated: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.005; Student’s t test. k Body weights were compared between FMT group and IPA group after 12 Gy TAI, n = 24 per group