Fig. 1

Subgroup assignment of bathyarchaeotal genomes by a phylogenetic tree based on 16 ribosomal proteins, b phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA genes, and c average nucleotide identity of genomes. Two red lines represent two bathyarchaeotal MAGs with 16S rRNA genes in the current study. The scale bar indicates the average number of amino acid or nucleotide substitutions per site. The sequences were aligned independently using MUSCLE, columns with more than 95% gaps were trimmed using trimAL. The maximum likelihood trees of 16S rRNA gene and 16 ribosomal proteins were built using RAxML 8.0, the number of bootstraps was 1000, and the evolutionary models were GTRCAT (for 16S rRNA gene) and LG+GAMMA (for ribosomal protein), respectively