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Fig. 9 | Microbiome

Fig. 9

From: Multi-omics reveals that the rumen microbiome and its metabolome together with the host metabolome contribute to individualized dairy cow performance

Fig. 9

Overview of the workflow. Rumen microbial species and functions (Carbohydrate-active enzymes [CAZymes] and KEGG functions) were compared between two milk protein yield (MPY) groups. Rumen metabolites were separated into two groups that were either positively or negatively correlated with MPY; and then Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) was performed based on the microbiome abundance profiles to assess the effect of each metabolites (metabolites with adjusted P < 0.05 were considered to associate with rumen microbiota). The rumen metabolome was also separated into two groups that were significantly different between two MPY groups; and the key rumen metabolic pathways were enriched based on the significantly different metabolites. Serum metabolites were separated into two groups that were either positively or negatively correlated with MPY; and were also separated into two groups that were significantly different between MPY groups, which were further enriched for key serum metabolic pathways. The rumen MPY-positive metabotypes and MPY-negative metabotypes were associated with microbiome functional modules. The rumen and serum MPY-positive and MPY-negative metabotypes were clustered into metabolites sets, and were compared. The proportion of variance in MPY explained by the rumen microbial species and functions, rumen metabolome, and serum metabolome (defined as biome-explainability) were estimated

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