Fig. 4

Microbial networks of the rice seed endosphere microbiotas. a, c, e Co-occurrence-based network of seed microbial OTUs detected in a all wild/domesticated rice accessions, c wild rice accessions, and e domesticated rice accessions. Each node corresponds to an OTU, and edges between nodes correspond to either positive (light blue) or negative (pink) correlations inferred from OTU abundance profiles using the SparCC method (pseudo p < 0.05, correlation values < − 0.3 or > 0.3). OTUs belonging to different microbial kingdoms have different color codes (bacteria, orange; fungi, purple), and node size reflects their betweenness centrality in the seed endosphere. b, d, f Bar graph shows the proportion of inter- and intra-kingdom edges of positive (light blue) or negative (pink) correlations in the seed endosphere network. B, bacteria intra-kingdom; F, fungi intra-kingdom; BF, bacteria-fungi interkingdom association. g Hub OTUs of wild (left panel) and domesticated rice seeds (right panel). Dashed lines indicate the threshold estimated by the values which top 2% of nodes showed