Fig. 4

Gut microbial diversity of helminth-infected and -uninfected Non-rodents (i.e. human, cat, dog and goat) (a, b) and Rodents (i.e. mouse, hamster and wild yellow-necked mouse) (c, d). For each study included in the meta-analysis, the difference in gut microbial alpha diversity (Shannon index) (a, c) and evenness (b, d) between helminth-infected and –uninfected samples is shown, together with the overall estimate from the pooled random effect model (95% CI) of studies within each Non-rodents and Rodents. The random-effects meta-analysis model was performed using the DerSimonian–Laird estimator and adjusted using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method