Fig. 2

Identification of the important co-abundance groups that were strikingly different across CAD groups. a Bar plot illustrating the top host factors that were found to be significantly associated with gut microbial variations. The variations were derived from between-sample unweighted UniFrac distances. The bars were coloured according to metadata categories. Size effects and statistical significance were calculated by PERMANOVA (Adonis). The P value was controlled at 0.1. b Relative abundances of the 24 co-abundance groups (CAGs) across different CAD subgroups. The abundance profiles were transformed into Z scores by subtracting the average abundances and dividing the standard deviations of all the samples. The Z score was negative (shown in green) when the row abundance was lower than the mean. CAGs at P values <0.05, as determined by the Wilcoxon rank sum test, are marked with green stars. c OTU-level network diagram showing the enrichments of OTUs in the different groups based on significantly changed CAGs. Node size indicates the mean abundance of each OTU. The bacteria denoted on the nodes were of the lowest classification status that could be clearly identified using the RDP classifier. Lines between nodes represent correlations between the nodes connected by the lines, with line width indicating correlation magnitude, red representing positive correlation, and grey representing negative correlation. Only lines corresponding to correlations with magnitudes greater than 0.4 were drawn. IL-18 interleukin 18, BUN blood urea nitrogen, hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, OAD Oral antidiabetic drugs, SBP systolic blood pressure, CK creatine kinase, NYHA class New York Heart Association classification, TG triglyceride