Fig. 5From: Gut microbiota in HIV–pneumonia patients is related to peripheral CD4 counts, lung microbiota, and in vitro macrophage dysfunctionSterile fecal water from patients with low CD4 counts reduces macrophage activation, increases IL-1β expression, and decreases the frequency of tissue repair macrophages. a Compared with CD4-high patients, sterile fecal water from CD4-low patients induces fewer activated CD80+ CD86+ THP-1-derived macrophages (KW, p < 0.001; all treatments versus media or buffer p < 0.001). b Increased pro-inflammatory IL-1β+ THP-1-derived macrophages are induced by CD4-low compared to CD4-high patient SFW (KW, p < 0.0001; low or intermediate versus media or buffer p < 0.01, high versus media or buffer p < 0.08). c CD4-low patient sterile fecal water decreased tissue repair associated CD206+ IL-10+ THP-1-derived macrophages (compared with CD4-high patients; KW, p < 0.001, low versus media or buffer p < 0.05, intermediate or high versus media or buffer p < 0.06). Low and high subgroups are CD4 count quartiles 1 and 4, respectively. Data representative of two independent experiments; 24 biological replicates with three technical replicates each are plotted. Plotted p values from Mann–Whitney test. KW, Kruskal–Wallis; SFW, sterile fecal waterBack to article page