Environmental toxicants in breast milk of Norwegian mothers and gut bacteria composition and metabolites in their infants at 1 month

Table 1 Distribution of environmental chemicals in breast milk at 1 month post-partum (31.4 [± 19.9] days)

Class	Exposure	N	% missing^a	% < LOD	Mean (± SD)	Min	p25	p50	p75	Max
Dioxin-like PCBs	PCB-105	266	0.3	0	1.64 (1.09)	0.41	0.99	1.4	1.93	12.72
	PCB-114	266	0.3	1.4	0.39 (0.22)	LOD	0.26	0.35	0.48	2.09
	PCB-118	266	0.3	0	7.68 (5.01)	1.99	4.96	6.82	8.95	62.23
	PCB-156	266	0.3	0	3.83 (2.34)	0.58	2.43	3.34	4.53	22.73
	PCB-157	266	0.3	0	0.76 (0.55)	0.09	0.44	0.61	0.9	4.87
	PCB-167	264	1	0	0.97 (0.65)	0.19	0.64	0.84	1.13	8.05
	PCB-189	266	0.3	0.3	0.30 (0.21)	LOD	0.19	0.25	0.35	2.48
Non-dioxin-like PCBs	PCB-74	266	0.3	0	4.12 (2.35)	0.84	2.65	3.74	4.8	18.68
	PCB-99	266	0.3	0	4.98 (2.66)	0.84	3.35	4.48	6.14	24.74
	PCB-138	266	0.3	0	22.63 (12.85)	4.39	15.54	20.27	26.89	145.06
	PCB-153	266	0.3	0	37.73 (22.50)	7.34	25.81	34.7	44.12	296.03
	PCB-170	266	0.3	0	7.79 (4.44)	1.22	5.25	6.89	9.27	46.49
	PCB-180	266	0.3	0	19.65 (12.05)	4.2	13.17	17.73	23.38	142.46
	PCB-194	266	0.3	0.3	1.56 (1.10)	LOD	0.94	1.37	1.85	11.76
	PCB-209	225	14.2	3.7	0.12 (0.10)	LOD	0.07	0.1	0.13	0.78
Organochlorine pesticides	HCB	266	0.3	0	11.14 (4.72)	1.72	8.72	10.45	12.93	48.72
	β-HCH	266	0.3	0	4.70 (2.98)	0.7	2.9	4.32	5.63	31.34
	p,p′-DDE	266	0.3	0	66.03 (54.00)	5.37	38.08	53.48	77.16	617.26
	p,p′-DDT	219	16.2	0.4	2.65 (2.80)	0.04	1.54	2.11	2.93	35.16
	Oxychlordane	258	3	0	3.77 (2.69)	0.53	2.38	3.27	4.48	30.27
PDBEs	PBDE-28	257	3.4	1.4	0.25 (0.47)	0.01	0.11	0.16	0.26	5.59
	PBDE-47	257	3.4	0	1.99 (4.96)	0.18	0.74	1.1	1.74	59.19
	PBDE-99	257	3.4	0	0.48 (1.18)	0.04	0.18	0.26	0.42	14.99
	PBDE-100	257	3.4	0.4	0.41 (0.74)	0.01	0.19	0.26	0.4	7.5
	PBDE-153	256	3.7	0	0.61 (0.48)	0.05	0.35	0.5	0.7	4.03
	PBDE-154	257	3.4	11.2	0.04 (0.09)	0	0.02	0.03	0.04	1.18
PFAS	PFOA	230	12.5	2.8	57.60 (33.98)	2.19	34.42	50.77	71.18	182.55
PFAS	PFOS	230	12.5	0	126.70 (63.07)	22.99	80.39	116.73	158.05	370.63

Breastmilk concentrations in ng/g lipid except for PFOS and PFOA, which are ng/L
LOD limit of detection, PCB polychlorinated biphenyl, HCB hexachlorobenzene, β-HCH beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, p,p′-DDE dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, p,p′-DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, PBDE polybrominated diphenyl ether, PFOA perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS perfluorooctanesulfonic acid
^a“Missing” because the breast milk samples had not undergone chemical analysis at the time of this study. Only compounds that had N > 200 and > 80% of samples above the LOD were included

ISSN: 2049-2618