Fig. 1

Comparison between early school-age Dutch children and adults. a Categories of phenotypic data collected within the KOALA cohort. b Box plot showing the gene-based α-diversity (Shannon index) in early school-age Dutch children (n = 281) and healthy Dutch adults (n = 62). c Genus-based principal component analysis (PCA) of children and adults. d Box plots of intra- and inter-group beta diversity based on genus profiles in children and adults. The “Intra-children” and “Intra-adults” indicate the genus-based beta diversity in children and adults, and the “Inter-groups” indicates the genus-based beta diversity between children and adults (***P < 0.001; Wilcoxon rank-sum test). e Box plots displaying the ten most abundant genera among children and adults. Genera indicated with red font are enriched in children, and genera in blue are enriched in adults. Boxes are ordered according to median relative abundance of genus in children