Fig. 1

a Metanalyses comparing 4221 samples representing ten distinct microbiomes (including both Utricularia species). Data (results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing) were downloaded from the Qiita database (https://qiita.ucsd.edu/) and reanalyzed together with Utricularia microbiomes. Microbiomes were compared by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS, stress 0.231). Both U. vulgaris and U. australis microbiomes cluster closely with those of the terrestrial pitcher plants of the genera Sarracenia and Nephentes. They are positioned between the freshwater and rhizosphere microbiomes, which reflects both the growing environment and the close relationship with their hosts. b Comparison of 43 samples representing seven distinct active microbiomes (i.e., transcribed genes), including those associated with U. vulgaris. Six metagenomes were obtained from MG-RAST (for details please see the “Methods” section). Neighbor-joining tree was chosen for the visualization. Active microbiome of U.vulgaris clustered again closely with the freshwater and phyllosphere microbiomes