Fig. 4

Differences in gut and skin microbiome beta diversity associated with environmental radiation exposure. PCoA on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity distances between bank vole (a) gut and (b) skin microbiomes profiles among the three study areas. Each point represents a single sample (n = 93), shape indicate host sex, coloured according to study area: CH, red (n = 36); CL, blue (n = 28); KL, green (n = 29). Ellipses represent a 75% CI around the cluster centroid for each study area replicate site. Correlation between (c) gut and (d) skin microbiome communities dissimilarity and geographical distance (km) among bank vole trapping locations. The correlation significance was tested using Mantel tests; lines denote the linear regression model