Fig. 1

Study design and relationships between odor intensity, odor characteristics, age, and body sites. a Schema detailing the study target groups, sample numbers, and collection timepoints. b Odor intensity distributions across body sites, before (1 h) and after (8 h) exercise and across age groups (children and teens; **p-value < 0.05, *p-value < 0.1). c Trendlines depicting the relationship between different odor characteristics and odor intensity across body sites (1 = present, 0 = absent). d Relative distribution of sour and sulfur odor in subjects before (1 h) and after (8 h) exercise across age groups and body sites. Dots mark odor intensity as shown on the left axis while bar-charts indicate the number of subjects as shown on the right axis