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Fig. 4 | Microbiome

Fig. 4

From: Influence of cigarette smoking on the human duodenal mucosa-associated microbiota

Fig. 4

Multivariate analyses to identify bacterial groups that differentiate current smokers from those patients who have never smoked, based on duodenal (2nd part) mucosa-associated microbiota profiles. a–c Principal coordinates analysis performed on a weighted UniFrac (a), unweighted UniFrac (b) and Bray-Curtis (c) distance matrices. Each point represents an individual patient, colour coded by smoking status. An assessment of the variation between or “clustering” of samples based on smoking status was assessed via ADONIS, controlling for patient age, sex, BMI, PPI use and diagnosis. Data normalised by random subsampling to even depth. d Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) method to identify bacterial OTUs that are associated with smoking status. The bar chart represents the strength of contribution of a particular OTU between current, previous and never smokers. Data was normalised via total sum scaling and centred-log ratio transformation. CD—Crohn’s disease; FD—functional dyspepsia; ID—iron deficiency

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