Fig. 2

NMS rats are characterized by enhanced gut motility and upregulated intracolonic saturated long-chain fatty acids (SLCFAs) relative to controls (n = 8/group). a Accumulation of fecal pellet output within 60 min. b The gut transit time measured by oral administration of carmine red marker. c The scatter plot of fecal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) based on partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). X and Y axes (t1 and t2) indicate the first two discriminating vectors, which respectively explain 33.5 and 16.6% of variation in the dataset. d Alteration of acidic substances derived from microbial metabolism in NMS rats. e The level of total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) per gram of luminal contents collected from ileum, cecum, proximal colon and feces. f The total levels of saturated short-chain, medium-chain, and long-chain fatty acid per gram of colonic contents in rats. g The level of individual SLCFAs per gram of colonic contents in rats. C2:0, acetic acid; C4:0, butyric acid; C5:0, valeric acid; C14:0, tetradecanoic acid; C15:0, pentadecanoic acid; C16:0, hexadecanoic acid; C17:0, heptadecanoic acid; C18:0, octadecanoic acid. Bar charts are plotted using mean ± SEM value, and statistical significance between both groups is defined as *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.005