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Table 1 Subject characteristics by delivery mode (n = 145)

From: Maternal diet during pregnancy is related with the infant stool microbiome in a delivery mode-dependent manner

 

n (%) or mean [range]

p value1

All (n = 145)

Vaginal (n = 97)

Cesarean (n = 48)

 

Maternal characteristics

 Maternal age

31.9 [22–44]

31.8 [22–44]

32.2 [23–42]

0.65

 Education level

   

0.14

  Less than 11th grade

1 (0.7)

1 (1.0)

0 (0.0)

 

  High school graduate or equivalent

15 (10.3)

7 (7.2)

8 (16.7)

  Junior college graduate or some college

25 (17.2)

16 (16.5)

9 (18.8)

  College graduate

54 (37.2)

34 (35.1)

20 (41.7)

  Any post-graduate schooling

50 (34.5)

39 (40.2)

11 (22.9)

 Relationship status

   

0.29

  Married

133 (91.7)

91 (93.8)

42 (87.5)

 

  Separated or divorced

3 (2.1)

1 (1.0)

2 (4.2)

  Single and never married

9 (6.2)

5 (5.2)

4 (8.3)

 Smoking

   

0.43

  No

138 (95.2)

91 (93.8)

47 (97.9)

 

  Yes

7 (4.8)

6 (6.2)

1 (2.1)

 Parity

0.8 [0–4]

0.9 [0–4]

0.7 [0–2]

0.07

 Maternal BMI

25.6 [17.4–47.8]

26.0 [17.4–47.8]

24.7 [18.4–42.1]

0.22

 Gestational diabetes2

   

0.58

  No

121 (83.4)

84 (86.6)

37 (77.1)

 

  Yes

16 (11.0)

10 (10.3)

6 (12.5)

 Dietary factors (servings/day)3

  aMED score

3.67 [0–7]

3.8 [0–7]

3.5 [0–7]

0.32

  Dairy

3.6 [0.0–8.5]

3.7 [0.0–8.5]

3.5 [0.8–6.8]

0.40

  Fruit

2.3 [0.0–5.9]

2.3 [0.2–5.9]

2.2 [0.0–5.6]

0.52

  Vegetables

3.3 [0.0–9.6]

3.3 [0.5–9.6]

3.2 [0.0–7.6]

0.78

  Whole grains

1.0 [0.0–4.1]

1.2 [0.1–4.1]

0.9 [0.0–3.1]

0.03

  Fish and seafood

0.2 [0.0–1.0]

0.2 [0.0–1.0]

0.2 [0.0–0.6]

0.56

  Nuts, legumes, and soy

0.9 [0.0–4.5]

0.9 [0.0–3.1]

0.9 [0.0–4.5]

1.00

  Red and processed meat

0.8 [0.0–2.3]

0.7 [0.0–2.0]

0.8 [0.0–2.3]

0.21

  Polyunsaturated fat (g/day)

13.9 [8.67–23.7]

13.6 [8.7–21.0]

14.5 [9.2–23.7]

0.12

  EPA (g/day)

0.1 [0.0–0.5]

0.1 [0.0–0.5]

0.1 [0.0–0.5]

0.28

  DHA (g/day)

0.1 [0.0–0.6]

0.1 [0.0–0.6]

0.1 [0.0–0.5]

0.79

  Monounsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratio

1.1 [0.7–2.3]

1.1 [0.7–2.1]

1.2 [0.7–2.3]

0.35

Infant characteristics

 Sex

   

0.38

  Female

62 (42.8)

44 (45.4)

18 (37.5)

 

  Male

83 (57.2)

53 (54.6)

30 (62.5)

 Birth weight (g)4

3427.4 [1960–4710]

3466.3 [2030–4565]

3348.9 [1960–4710]

0.18

 Gestational age (weeks)

39.3 [30.4–43.4]

39.5 [30.4–42.1]

39.1 [33.4–43.4]

0.21

 Feeding method

   

0.04

  Exclusively breastfed

102 (70.3)

74 (76.3)

28 (58.3)

 

  Combination

37 (25.5)

21 (21.7)

16 (33.3)

  Exclusively formula fed

6 (4.1)

2 (2.1)

4 (8.3)

 Antibiotics by 4 months old5

   

0.66

  No

135 (93.1)

91 (93.8)

44 (91.7)

 

  Yes

5 (3.5)

3 (3.1)

2 (4.2)

  1. 1p value determined by two-sided Welch’s t test or Fisher’s exact test
  2. 2Missing data on eight subjects
  3. 3All dietary factors are standardized to a 2000 cal/day diet, excluding aMED score and monounsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratio
  4. 4Missing data on three subjects
  5. 5Missing data on five subjects