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Table 1 Characteristics of controls, stable CHD, and STEMI patients during a median follow-up of 3 years

From: Gut-dependent microbial translocation induces inflammation and cardiovascular events after ST-elevation myocardial infarction

 

Healthy controls

Stable CHD

STEMI

STEMI (n = 100)

(n = 49)

(n = 50)

(n = 100)

MACE (+) (n = 33)

MACE (−) (n = 67)

P value

Gender (female)

15 (30.6%)

13 (26.0%)

22 (22.0%)

6 (18.2%)

16 (23.9%)

0.613

Age (year)

59.4 ± 8.96

61.7 ± 8.82

59.5 ± 11.4

61.4 ± 10.9

58.6 ± 11.6

0.264

Body mass index (kg/m2)

25.0 ± 3.1

24.7 ± 3.1

24.9 ± 3.6

24.5 ± 3.1

25.0 ± 4.0

0.561

Current smoking

25 (51.0%)

27 (54.0%)

68 (68.0%)

22 (6.1%)

46 (68.7%)

1.000

Hypertension

0

29 (58%.0)*

54 (54.0%)*

19 (57.6%)

35 (52.2%)

0.673

Diabetes

0

14 (28.0%)*

22 (22.0%)*

9 (27.3%)

13 (19.4%)

0.443

Door-to-balloon time (min)

N/A

N/A

67.1 ± 9.0

67.0 ± 7.8

67.2 ± 9.6

0.932

Symptom-to-admission time (h)

N/A

N/A

4.0 (2.1, 6.0)

4.0 (2.5, 6.5)

4.0 (2.0, 6.0)

0.691

Infarct region (anterior MI)

N/A

N/A

48 (48.0%)

21 (63.6%)

27 (40.3%)

0.034 #

Blood biochemical tests

 Troponin T_admission (ng/ml)

N/A

N/A

1.03 (0.71, 1.49)

0.99 (0.68, 1.58)

1.03 (0.78, 1.43)

0.570

 Troponin T_peak (ng/ml)

N/A

N/A

1.22 (0.89, 1.63)

1.22 (0.81, 1.76)

1.22 (0.92, 1.61)

0.782

 eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

105 ± 18

103 ± 24

107 ± 32

106 ± 36

107 ± 30

0.912

 Glucose (mmol/l)

5.0 (4.6, 5.4)

5.6 (4.9, 6.2)*

6.2 (5.5, 8.1)*†

6.8 (5.4, 10.0)

6.1 (5.5, 7.2)

0.136

 Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

4.1 (3.7, 5.0)

4.6 (3.7, 5.5) *

4.5 (4.0, 5.0) *

4.5 (4.0, 4.8)

4.6 (4.0, 5.1)

0.363

 Triglyceride (mmol/l)

1.4 (1.0, 1.8)

1.3 (0.9, 2.0)

1.5 (1.0, 2.0)

1.4 (0.9, 1.9)

1.5 (1.0, 2.0)

0.294

 High-density lipoprotein (mmol/l)

1.4 (1.1, 1.5)

1.4 (1.2, 1.7)

1.2 (1.0, 1.3) *†

1.2 (1.0, 1.4)

1.2 (1.1, 1.3)

0.907

 Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/l)

2.2 (2.0, 2.7)

2.5 (2.0, 2.8)

2.3 (2.0, 2.6)

2.2 (1.8, 2.5)

2.3 (2.0, 2.7)

0.109

LVEF (%, Echocardiography)

60 (57, 63)

60 (56, 62)

48 (43, 55) *†

46 (36, 51)

53 (45, 55)

0.001 #

SYNTAX score

N/A

N/A

19 (11, 22)

20 (15, 26)

18 (9, 22)

0.028 #

Blood routine tests

 White blood cell (109/l)

5.95 (5.33, 6.73)

6.14 (5.10, 7.00)

10.4 (8.27, 12.7) *†

10.0 (8.0, 13.6)

10.4 (8.3, 12.7)

0.889

 Lymphocyte (109/l)

2.04 (1.60, 2.70)

1.68 (1.37, 2.15) *

1.60 (1.20, 2.47) *

1.80 (1.17, 2.49)

1.60 (1.20, 2.46)

0.860

 Monocyte (109/l)

0.39 (0.27, 0.47)

0.37 (0.30, 0.42)

0.50 (0.40, 0.65) *†

0.50 (0.40, 0.70)

0.50 (0.39, 0.60)

0.491

 Neutrophil (109/l)

3.36 (2.95, 3.95)

3.90 (2.97, 4.61)

7.75 (5.81, 10.31) *†

8.1 (5.3, 10.5)

7.4 (5.8, 10.2)

0.924

Plasma LPS (endotoxin unit/ml)

0.44 (0.30, 0.56)

0.48 (0.33, 0.60)

1.03 (0.83, 1.39) *†

1.05 (0.85, 1.40)

1.02 (0.81, 1.37)

0.664

Plasma d-lactate (mg/l)

13.1 (10.5, 15.8)

14.5 (12.2, 17.2)

29.3 (21.4, 39.5) *†

33.5 (27.2, 45.8)

28.1 (19.3, 33.1)

0.017

hs-CRP (mg/l)

0.59 (0.44, 0.80)

0.66 (0.45, 1.25)*

2.72 (1.79, 4.57) *†

4.52 (2.70, 4.95)

2.42 (1.37, 3.76)

< 0.001#

  1. The blood tests and measurements were performed on day 1 of STEMI onset. LPS, d-lactate and hs-CRP measurements were carried out on day 2 of symptom onset
  2. eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, Echocardiography was performed on day 2 in STEMI patients
  3. *P < 0.05 vs. healthy controls; †P < 0.05 vs. stable CHD controls; #P < 0.05 STEMI MACE (+) vs. STEMI MACE (−)