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Table 2 Overview of the bacteria most commonly found within octocoral holobionts. Taxonomy of the bacteria and which octocorals they associate with and their potential function are listed

From: Host-microbe interactions in octocoral holobionts - recent advances and perspectives

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Octocoral host

Potential function

Ref.

Actinobacteria

Actinobacteria

Propionibacteriales

Propionibacteriaceae

Propionibacterium

Anthothela spp.

Corallium rubrum

Paramuricea spp.

Unknown

 –Zooxanthellate corals: coral–Symbiodinium symbiosis

[20, 82, 93, 94, 121]

Bacteroidetes

Flavobacteriia

Flavobacteriales

Flavobacteriaceae

Aquimarina

Antillogorgia elisabethae

Eunicella spp.

Leptogorgia sarmentosa

Nutrient cycling

 Nitrogen cycling (denitrification)

 Carbon cycling (chitin degradation)

 Sulfur cycling (sulphate reduction)

Microbiome regulation

[20, 89, 101]

Chlamydiae

Chlamydiae

Chlamydiales

Simkaniaceae

Candidatus Fritschea

Eunicella spp.

Leptogorgia sarmentosa

Unknown

[20, 76]

Parcubacteria

–

–

–

–

Corallium rubrum

Unknown

[20, 83]

Proteobacteria

Alphaproteobacteria

Rickettsiales

Rickettsiales

incertae sedis

Candidatus Lariskella

Eunicella spp.

Leptogorgia sarmentosa

Unknown

[20, 76]

Gammaproteobacteria

Cellvibrionales

Spongiibacteraceae

BD1-7 clade

Corallium rubrum

Eunicella spp.

Leptogorgia sarmentosa

Unknown

[20, 76]

Oceanospirillales

Hahellaceae

Endozoicomonas

Antillogorgia elisabethae

Corallium rubrum

Erythropodium caribaeorum

Eunicella spp.

Eunicea fusca

Gorgonia ventalina

Leptogorgia sarmentosa Lobophytum pauciflorum

Paramuricea clavata

Plexaura sp.

Sarcophyton sp.

Sinularia flexibilis

Nutrient acquisition

 Nitrogen cycling

 Carbon cycling

 Sulfur cycling

 Amino acid synthesis

Microbiome regulation

[19, 20, 76, 77, 83, 89,90,91,92,93, 257]

ME2

–

Corallium rubrum

Unknown

[20, 83]

Vibrionales

Vibrionaceae

Vibrio

Corallium rubrum

Eunicella sp.

Putative pathogen (V. shiloi)

Food digestion (V. gigantis-related)

[19, 20, 77, 105, 113,114,115]

Chromatiales

Granulosicoccaceae

Granulosicoccus

Eunicella spp.

Leptogorgia sarmentosa

Unknown

[20, 76]

Spirochaetae

Spirochaetes

Spirochaetales

Spirochaetaceae

Borrelia

Corallium rubrum

Unknown

[20, 83]

Spirochaeta

Anthothela spp.

Corallium rubrum

Lobophytum pauciflorum

Muricea spp.

Unknown

[20, 83, 91, 103, 121]

Leptospiraceae

Leptospira

Corallium rubrum

Unknown

[20, 83]

Tenericutes

Mollicutes

Mycoplasmatales

Mycoplasmataceae

Mycoplasma

Cryogorgia koolsae

Eunicella spp.

Leptogorgia sarmentosa

Muricea spp.

Pennatula phosphorea Plumarella superba

Pseudoplexaura porosa

Pteroeides spinosum

Unknown

 Commensal feeding on captured prey

[19, 20, 102,103,104,105,106]

Entomoplasmatales

Entomoplasmatales incertae sedis

Candidatus Hepatoplasma

Eunicella spp.

Leptogorgia sarmentosa

Muricea spp.

Unknown

 –Potentially copepod prey symbionts

[20, 103]