The association between anterior nares and nasopharyngeal microbiota in infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis

Microbiome

Table 4 Unadjusted and multivariate associations of nasal swab microbiota profiles with bronchiolitis severity outcomes

	Unadjusted models		Adjusted models*
Severity outcomes	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
1) Intensive care use
All profiles
Haemophilus-dominant profile	6.20 (2.38–18.28)	< 0.001	6.43 (2.25–20.51)	< 0.001
Moraxella-dominant profile	Reference		Reference
Staphylococcus-dominant profile	2.54 (1.14–6.78)	0.04	2.17 (0.93–5.98)	0.10
Corynebacterium-dominant profile	3.75 (1.52–10.62)	0.007	4.15 (1.59–12.37)	0.005
Enterobacter-dominant profile	4.51 (1.68–13.53)	0.004	4.84 (1.67–15.46)	0.004
Mixed profile	3.86 (1.59–10.85)	0.005	3.37 (1.29–9.99)	0.02
Haemophilus vs. all others
Combined non-Haemophilus profiles	Reference		Reference
Haemophilus-dominant profile	2.21 (1.17–3.99)	0.01	2.48 (1.19–5.03)	0.01
Moraxella vs. All others
Combined non-Moraxella profiles	Reference		Reference
Moraxella-dominant profile	0.30 (0.11–0.64)	0.01	0.32 (0.12–0.72)	0.01
2) Hospital length of stay ≥ 5 days
All profiles
Haemophilus-dominant profile	3.57 (1.52–8.77)	0.004	4.31 (1.73–11.11)	0.002
Moraxella-dominant profile	Reference		Reference
Staphylococcus-dominant profile	1.43 (0.72–3.09)	0.33	1.24 (0.61–2.75)	0.57
Corynebacterium-dominant profile	2.03 (0.91–4.76)	0.09	2.02 (0.86–4.95)	0.11
Enterobacter-dominant profile	1.45 (0.52–3.89)	0.46	1.37 (0.48–3.83)	0.55
Mixed profile	1.75 (0.78–4.11)	0.18	1.72 (0.73–4.20)	0.22

Significant results of interest are in italics
Patient level variables include age at hospitalization, sex, race/ethnicity, gestational age, number of previous breathing problems (i.e., infant having cough that wakes him/her at night and/or causes emesis or when the child has wheezing or shortness of breath without cough), daycare attendance, presence of other children living in home, history of antibiotic use (i.e., infant has taken antibiotics at any time prior to hospitalization), history of corticosteroid use (i.e., infant has taken corticosteroids, inhaled or systemic, at any time prior to hospitalization), use of antibiotics during the pre-hospitalization visit (i.e., infant received antibiotics during pre-admission), and respiratory viruses detected by PCR
CI, confidence interval, OR, odds ratio
*Mixed-effects logistic regression model adjusting for 11 patient-level variables with collection site as a random effect

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