Fig. 5
From: Resistant starch can improve insulin sensitivity independently of the gut microbiota
Gut peptide and hormone levels in germ-free (GF) and conventionalized (CVZ) C3H mice fed experimental diets for 8 weeks. a Fasting plasma C-peptides levels. b Proglucagon mRNA expression in the colon. c Fasting plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels. d PYY mRNA expression in the colon. e Fasting plasma peptide YY (PYY) levels. f Fasting plasma ghrelin levels. g Adiponectin mRNA expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). h Fasting plasma adiponectin levels. Mice were fasted for 6 h prior to sampling. LFD low-fat diet, WD Western diet, RS2 WD with resistant starch 2, RS4 WD with resistant starch 4. # p = 0.07, *p < 0.05 versus WD fed mice of the same microbial status (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post tests). Microbial status significantly impacted C-peptide, GLP-1, PYY, and ghrelin levels, as well as proglucagon mRNA expression (analysis of all eight treatments using two-way ANOVA). Mean ± SEM. N = 7–8, except for c and f where N = 6–8