Bloom and bust: intestinal microbiota dynamics in response to hospital exposures and Clostridium difficile colonization or infection

Table 4 Multivariable analysis of medications associated with selected microbial taxa

Taxa (outcome)	Medication^a	Estimate^b	Standard error	P value^c
Clostridium	Glucocorticoids	3.72	1.65	0.0239
	Laxatives	−2.46	0.99	0.0126
	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs	−2.11	0.90	0.0197
Eubacterium	Fluoroquinolones	−0.99	0.44	0.0237
Eubacterium	Laxatives	−1.21	0.48	0.0115
Clostridiales Family XI Incertae Sedis	Cephalosporins	−5.78	2.08	0.0055
	Fluoroquinolones	−5.95	2.21	0.0071
	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs	3.76	1.99	0.0580
	Penicillin with β-lactamase inhibitors	−5.70	2.54	0.0248
Enterococcus	Fluoroquinolones	215.43	102.34	0.0353
Enterococcus	Intravenous vancomycin	181.32	95.02	0.0564

Among patients who were neither colonized nor infected with C. difficile. All of the multivariable models were adjusted for age, sex, and duration of hospitalization
^aReceived within 3 days prior to stool collection
^bA positive value indicates that the relative abundance of the corresponding taxa was higher among patients exposed to the medication, while a negative value indicates that the relative abundance was lower
^c P values were determined by using the GEE-derived robust z scores

ISSN: 2049-2618