|
Medicationa
|
No. of patients exposed
|
No. of samples exposed
|
Estimateb
|
Standard error
|
P valuec
|
|---|
|
Antibiotics
| | | | | |
|
Cephalosporins
|
57
|
81
|
−0.06
|
0.07
|
0.3764
|
|
Fluoroquinolones
|
8
|
15
|
−0.20
|
0.10
|
0.0367
|
|
Penicillin with β-lactamase inhibitors
|
7
|
12
|
−0.17
|
0.19
|
0.3805
|
|
Carbapenems
|
5
|
11
|
−0.30
|
0.26
|
0.2417
|
|
Intravenous vancomycin
|
6
|
12
|
−0.41
|
0.15
|
0.0080
|
|
Other medications
| | | | | |
|
Glucocorticoids
|
7
|
13
|
−0.02
|
0.17
|
0.8977
|
|
Laxatives
|
13
|
24
|
−0.05
|
0.09
|
0.5976
|
|
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
|
30
|
57
|
0.08
|
0.08
|
0.3264
|
|
Opioids
|
23
|
38
|
0.13
|
0.06
|
0.0202
|
|
Proton pump inhibitors
|
21
|
54
|
−0.11
|
0.10
|
0.2738
|
- Among patients who were neither colonized nor infected with C. difficile
-
aReceived within 3 days prior to stool collection
-
bA positive value indicates that intestinal microbiota diversity was higher among patients exposed to the medication, while a negative value indicates that intestinal microbiota diversity was lower
-
c
P values were determined by using the GEE-derived robust z scores
