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Table 3 Associations between medication use and intestinal microbiota diversity

From: Bloom and bust: intestinal microbiota dynamics in response to hospital exposures and Clostridium difficile colonization or infection

Medicationa

No. of patients exposed

No. of samples exposed

Estimateb

Standard error

P valuec

Antibiotics

     

 Cephalosporins

57

81

−0.06

0.07

0.3764

 Fluoroquinolones

8

15

−0.20

0.10

0.0367

 Penicillin with β-lactamase inhibitors

7

12

−0.17

0.19

0.3805

 Carbapenems

5

11

−0.30

0.26

0.2417

 Intravenous vancomycin

6

12

−0.41

0.15

0.0080

Other medications

     

 Glucocorticoids

7

13

−0.02

0.17

0.8977

 Laxatives

13

24

−0.05

0.09

0.5976

 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

30

57

0.08

0.08

0.3264

 Opioids

23

38

0.13

0.06

0.0202

 Proton pump inhibitors

21

54

−0.11

0.10

0.2738

  1. Among patients who were neither colonized nor infected with C. difficile
  2. aReceived within 3 days prior to stool collection
  3. bA positive value indicates that intestinal microbiota diversity was higher among patients exposed to the medication, while a negative value indicates that intestinal microbiota diversity was lower
  4. c P values were determined by using the GEE-derived robust z scores