TY - STD TI - Pruden A, Edwards MA, Falkinham, III JO. Research needs for opportunistic pathogens in premise plumbing: experimental methodology, microbial ecology and epidemiology. Water Research Foundation Project 4379. 2012. http://www.waterrf.org/PublicReportLibrary/4379.pdf. Accessed 12 Sept 2015. UR - http://www.waterrf.org/PublicReportLibrary/4379.pdf ID - ref1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bartrand, T. A. AU - Causey, J. J. AU - Clancy, J. L. PY - 2014 DA - 2014// TI - Naegleria fowleri: an emerging drinking water pathogen JO - JAWWA VL - 106 UR - https://doi.org/10.5942/jawwa.2014.106.0002 DO - 10.5942/jawwa.2014.106.0002 ID - Bartrand2014 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Falkinham, J. O. PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - Common features of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens JO - Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health VL - 12 UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120504533 DO - 10.3390/ijerph120504533 ID - Falkinham2015 ER - TY - STD TI - Bédard E, Fey S, Charron D, Lalancette C, Cantin P, Dolcé P, et al. Temperature diagnostic to identify high risk areas and optimize Legionella pneumophila surveillance in hot water distribution systems. Water Res. 2015;71:244–56. ID - ref4 ER - TY - STD TI - Yoder J, Roberts V, Craun GF, Hill V, Hicks L, Alexander NT, et al. Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with drinking water and water not intended for drinking—United States, 2005–2006. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008;57(SS09):39–62. ID - ref5 ER - TY - STD TI - Brunkard JM, Ailes E, Robers VA, Hill V, Hilborn ED, Craun GF, et al. Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with drinking water and water not intended for drinking—United States, 2007–2008. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2011;60(SS12):38–68. ID - ref6 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Berry, D. AU - Xi, C. AU - Raskin, L. PY - 2006 DA - 2006// TI - Microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems JO - Curr Opin Biotechnol VL - 17 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2006.05.007 DO - 10.1016/j.copbio.2006.05.007 ID - Berry2006 ER - TY - STD TI - Camper AK, LeChevallier MW, Broadaway SC, McFeters GA. Growth and persistence of pathogens on granular activated carbon filters. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985;50(6):1378–8. ID - ref8 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Chiao, T. H. AU - Clancy, T. M. AU - Pinto, A. AU - Xi, C. AU - Raskin, L. PY - 2014 DA - 2014// TI - Differential resistance of drinking water bacterial populations to monochloramine disinfection JO - Environ. Sci. Technol. VL - 48 UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/es4055725 DO - 10.1021/es4055725 ID - Chiao2014 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Feazel, L. M. AU - Baumgartner, L. K. AU - Peterson, K. L. AU - Frank, D. N. AU - Harris, J. K. AU - Pace, N. R. PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - Opportunistic pathogens enriched in showerhead biofilms JO - Proc Natl Acad Sci VL - 106 UR - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908446106 DO - 10.1073/pnas.0908446106 ID - Feazel2009 ER - TY - STD TI - Straus WL, Plouffe JF, File TM, Lipman HB, Hackman BH, Salstrom SJ, et al. Risk factors for domestic acquisition of Legionnaires disease. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156(15):1685–92. ID - ref11 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Alary, M. AU - Joly, J. R. PY - 1991 DA - 1991// TI - Risk factors for contamination of domestic hot water systems by legionellae JO - Appl Environ Microbiol VL - 57 ID - Alary1991 ER - TY - STD TI - Borella P, Montagna MT, Romano-Spica V, Stampi S, Stancanelli G, Triassi M, et al. Legionella infection risk from domestic hot water. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(3):457. ID - ref13 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Storey, M. V. AU - Ashbolt, N. J. AU - Stenström, T. A. PY - 2004 DA - 2004// TI - Biofilms, thermophilic amoebae and Legionella pneumophila—a quantitative risk assessment for distributed water JO - Water Sci Technol VL - 50 ID - Storey2004 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ciesielski, C. A. AU - Blaser, M. J. AU - Wang, W. L. PY - 1984 DA - 1984// TI - Role of stagnation and obstruction of water flow in isolation of Legionella pneumophila from hospital plumbing JO - Appl Environ Microbiol VL - 48 ID - Ciesielski1984 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Harper, D. PY - 1988 DA - 1988// TI - Legionnaires’ disease outbreaks—the engineering implications JO - J Hosp Infect VL - 11 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(88)90188-0 DO - 10.1016/0195-6701(88)90188-0 ID - Harper1988 ER - TY - STD TI - OSHA technical manual. Section III: Chapter 7. Legionnaires’ disease. https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iii/otm_iii_7.html. Accessed 12 Sept 2015. UR - https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iii/otm_iii_7.html ID - ref17 ER - TY - STD TI - ASHRAE Guideline 12-2000. Minimizing the risk of legionellosis associated with building water systems. 2000. ID - ref18 ER - TY - STD TI - Health and safety executive. Legionella and Legionnaires’ disease. http://www.hse.gov.uk/legionnaires/ Accessed 12 Sept 2015. UR - http://www.hse.gov.uk/legionnaires/ ID - ref19 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Muraca, P. AU - Stout, J. E. AU - Yu, V. L. PY - 1987 DA - 1987// TI - Comparative assessment of chlorine, heat, ozone, and UV light for killing Legionella pneumophila within a model plumbing system JO - Appl Environ Microbiol VL - 53 ID - Muraca1987 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Stout, J. E. AU - Victor, L. Y. AU - Muraca, P. PY - 1987 DA - 1987// TI - Legionnaires’ disease acquired within the homes of two patients: link to the home water supply JO - JAMA VL - 257 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1987.03390090087029 DO - 10.1001/jama.1987.03390090087029 ID - Stout1987 ER - TY - STD TI - AMSI/ASHRAE Standard 188-2015. Legionellosis: risk management for building water systems. Atlanta, GA. 2015. ID - ref22 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Liu, Z. AU - Lin, Y. E. AU - Stout, J. E. AU - Hwang, C. C. AU - Vidic, R. D. AU - Yu, V. L. PY - 2006 DA - 2006// TI - Effect of flow regimes on the presence of Legionella within the biofilm of a model plumbing system JO - J Appl Microbiol VL - 101 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02970.x DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02970.x ID - Liu2006 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Moore, M. R. AU - Pryor, M. AU - Fields, B. AU - Lucas, C. AU - Phelan, M. AU - Besser, R. E. PY - 2006 DA - 2006// TI - Introduction of monochloramine into a municipal water system: impact on colonization of buildings by Legionella spp JO - Appl Environ Microbiol VL - 72 UR - https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.1.378-383.2006 DO - 10.1128/AEM.72.1.378-383.2006 ID - Moore2006 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mathys, W. AU - Stanke, J. AU - Harmuth, M. AU - Junge-Mathys, E. PY - 2008 DA - 2008// TI - Occurrence of Legionella in hot water systems of single-family residences in suburbs of two German cities with special reference to solar and district heating JO - Int J Hyg Environ Health VL - 211 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.02.004 DO - 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.02.004 ID - Mathys2008 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ohl, L. AU - Horn, H. AU - Hempel, D. PY - 2004 DA - 2004// TI - Behaviour of biofilm systems under varying hydrodynamic conditions JO - Water Sci Technol VL - 49 ID - Ohl2004 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Thomas, J. M. AU - Ashbolt, N. J. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - Do free-living amoebae in treated drinking water systems present an emerging health risk? JO - Environ Sci Technol VL - 45 UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/es102876y DO - 10.1021/es102876y ID - Thomas2010 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lau, H. Y. AU - Ashbolt, N. J. PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - The role of biofilms and protozoa in Legionella pathogenesis: implications for drinking water JO - J Appl Microbiol VL - 107 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04208.x DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04208.x ID - Lau2009 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nguyen, C. AU - Elfland, C. AU - Edwards, M. A. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - Impact of advanced water conservation features and new copper pipe on rapid chloramine decay and microbial regrowth JO - Water Res VL - 46 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.006 DO - 10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.006 ID - Nguyen2012 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Elfland, C. AU - Scardina, P. AU - Edwards, M. A. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - Lead-contaminated water from brass plumbing devices in new buildings JO - JAWWA VL - 102 ID - Elfland2010 ER - TY - STD TI - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Effects of water age on distribution system water quality. Office of Water. Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water. 2002. http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/tcr/upload/2007_05_18_disinfection_tcr_whitepaper_tcr_waterdistribution.pdf. Accessed 12 Sept 2015. UR - http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/tcr/upload/2007_05_18_disinfection_tcr_whitepaper_tcr_waterdistribution.pdf ID - ref31 ER - TY - STD TI - Vasconcelos J. J, Boulos P. F. (1996). Characterization and modeling of chlorine decay in distribution systems. American Water Works Association. http://www.waterrf.org/ExecutiveSummaryLibrary/90705_815_profile.pdf. Accessed 13 Sept 2015. UR - http://www.waterrf.org/ExecutiveSummaryLibrary/90705_815_profile.pdf ID - ref32 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Allegra, S. AU - Grattard, F. AU - Girardot, F. AU - Riffard, S. AU - Pozzetto, B. AU - Berthelot, P. PY - 2011 DA - 2011// TI - Longitudinal evaluation of the efficacy of heat treatment procedures against Legionella spp. in hospital water systems by using a flow cytometric assay JO - Appl Environ Microbiol VL - 77 UR - https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02225-10 DO - 10.1128/AEM.02225-10 ID - Allegra2011 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Temmerman, R. AU - Vervaeren, H. AU - Noseda, B. AU - Boon, N. AU - Verstraete, W. PY - 2006 DA - 2006// TI - Necrotrophic growth of Legionella pneumophila JO - Appl Environ Microbiol VL - 72 UR - https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00070-06 DO - 10.1128/AEM.00070-06 ID - Temmerman2006 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Steinert, M. AU - Ockert, G. AU - Lück, C. AU - Hacker, J. PY - 1998 DA - 1998// TI - Regrowth of Legionella pneumophila in a heat-disinfected plumbing system JO - Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie VL - 288 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0934-8840(98)80005-4 DO - 10.1016/S0934-8840(98)80005-4 ID - Steinert1998 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wang, H. AU - Edwards, M. AU - Falkinham, J. O. AU - Pruden, A. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - Molecular survey of the occurrence of Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and amoeba hosts in two chloraminated drinking water distribution systems JO - Appl Environ Microbiol VL - 78 UR - https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01492-12 DO - 10.1128/AEM.01492-12 ID - Wang2012 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rowbotham, T. J. PY - 1980 DA - 1980// TI - Preliminary report on the pathogenicity of Legionella pneumophila for freshwater and soil amoebae JO - J Clin Pathol VL - 33 UR - https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.33.12.1179 DO - 10.1136/jcp.33.12.1179 ID - Rowbotham1980 ER - TY - STD TI - Ovrutsky AR, Chan ED, Kartalija M, Bai X, Jackson M, Gibbs S, et al. Cooccurrence of free-living amoebae and nontuberculous Mycobacteria in hospital water networks, and preferential growth of Mycobacterium avium in Acanthamoeba lenticulata. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(10):3185–92. ID - ref38 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Coşkun, K. A. AU - Özçelik, S. AU - Tutar, L. AU - Elald, N. AU - Tutar, Y. PY - 2013 DA - 2013// TI - Isolation and identification of free-living amoebae from tap water in Sivas, Turkey JO - Bio Med Res Int ID - Coşkun2013 ER - TY - STD TI - Scheikl U, Sommer R, Kirschner A, Rameder A, Schrammel B, Zweimüller I, et al. Free-living amoebae (FLA) co-occurring with legionellae in industrial waters. Eur J Protistol. 2014;50(4):422–9. ID - ref40 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Guerrieri, E. AU - Bondi, M. AU - Sabia, C. AU - Niederhäusern, S. AU - Borella, P. AU - Messi, P. PY - 2008 DA - 2008// TI - Effect of bacterial interference on biofilm development by Legionella pneumophila JO - Curr Microbiol VL - 57 UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-008-9237-2 DO - 10.1007/s00284-008-9237-2 ID - Guerrieri2008 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wang, H. AU - Edwards, M. A. AU - Falkinham, J. O. AU - Pruden, A. PY - 2013 DA - 2013// TI - Probiotic approach to pathogen control in premise plumbing systems? A review JO - Environ Sci Technol VL - 47 UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/es402455r DO - 10.1021/es402455r ID - Wang2013 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Fliermans, C. B. AU - Cherry, W. B. AU - Orrison, L. H. AU - Smith, S. J. AU - Tison, D. L. AU - Pope, D. H. PY - 1981 DA - 1981// TI - Ecological distribution of Legionella pneumophila JO - Appl Environ Microbiol VL - 41 ID - Fliermans1981 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sheehan, K. B. AU - Henson, J. M. AU - Ferris, M. J. PY - 2005 DA - 2005// TI - Legionella species diversity in an acidic biofilm community in Yellowstone National Park JO - Appl Environ Microbiol VL - 71 UR - https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.1.507-511.2005 DO - 10.1128/AEM.71.1.507-511.2005 ID - Sheehan2005 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ohno, A. AU - Kato, N. AU - Yamada, K. AU - Yamaguchi, K. PY - 2003 DA - 2003// TI - Factors influencing survival of Legionella pneumophila serotype 1 in hot spring water and tap water JO - Appl Environ Microbiol VL - 69 UR - https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.5.2540-2547.2003 DO - 10.1128/AEM.69.5.2540-2547.2003 ID - Ohno2003 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Dennis, P. J. L. AU - Wright, A. E. AU - Rutter, D. A. AU - Death, J. E. AU - Jones, B. P. C. PY - 1984 DA - 1984// TI - Legionella pneumophila in aerosols from shower baths JO - J Hyg VL - 93 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022172400064901 DO - 10.1017/S0022172400064901 ID - Dennis1984 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schulze-Röbbecke, R. AU - Rödder, M. AU - Exner, M. PY - 1987 DA - 1987// TI - Multiplication and killing temperatures of naturally occurring legionellas JO - Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene VL - 184 ID - Schulze-Röbbecke1987 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Darelid, J. AU - Löfgren, S. AU - Malmvall, B. E. PY - 2002 DA - 2002// TI - Control of nosocomial Legionnaires’ disease by keeping the circulating hot water temperature above 55 C: experience from a 10-year surveillance programme in a district general hospital JO - J Hosp Infect VL - 50 UR - https://doi.org/10.1053/jhin.2002.1185 DO - 10.1053/jhin.2002.1185 ID - Darelid2002 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Söderberg, M. A. AU - Rossier, O. AU - Cianciotto, N. P. PY - 2004 DA - 2004// TI - The type II protein secretion system of Legionella pneumophila promotes growth at low temperatures JO - J Bacteriol VL - 186 UR - https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.186.12.3712-3720.2004 DO - 10.1128/JB.186.12.3712-3720.2004 ID - Söderberg2004 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wadowsky, R. M. AU - Yee, R. B. PY - 1981 DA - 1981// TI - Glycine-containing selective medium for isolation of Legionellaceae from environmental specimens JO - Appl Environ Microbiol VL - 42 ID - Wadowsky1981 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wadowsky, R. M. AU - Wolford, R. AU - McNamara, A. M. AU - Yee, R. B. PY - 1985 DA - 1985// TI - Effect of temperature, pH, and oxygen level on the multiplication of naturally occurring Legionella pneumophila in potable water JO - Appl Environ Microbiol VL - 49 ID - Wadowsky1985 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kuchta, J. M. AU - Navratil, J. S. AU - Shepherd, M. E. AU - Wadowsky, R. M. AU - Dowling, J. N. AU - Yee, R. B. PY - 1993 DA - 1993// TI - Impact of chlorine and heat on the survival of Hartmannella vermiformis and subsequent growth of Legionella pneumophila JO - Appl Environ Microbiol VL - 59 ID - Kuchta1993 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schulze-Röbbecke, R. AU - Buchholtz, K. A. T. R. I. N. PY - 1992 DA - 1992// TI - Heat susceptibility of aquatic mycobacteria JO - Appl Environ Microbiol VL - 58 ID - Schulze-Röbbecke1992 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wallace, R. J. AU - Brown, B. A. AU - Griffith, D. E. PY - 1998 DA - 1998// TI - Nosocomial outbreaks/pseudo outbreaks caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria JO - Ann Reviews Microbiol VL - 52 UR - https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.453 DO - 10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.453 ID - Wallace1998 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Anand, C. M. AU - Skinner, A. R. AU - Malic, A. AU - Kurtz, J. B. PY - 1983 DA - 1983// TI - Interaction of L. pneumophila and a free living amoeba (Acanthamoeba palestinensis) JO - J Hyg VL - 91 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022172400060174 DO - 10.1017/S0022172400060174 ID - Anand1983 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Buse, H. Y. AU - Ashbolt, N. J. PY - 2011 DA - 2011// TI - Differential growth of Legionella pneumophila strains within a range of amoebae at various temperatures associated with in‐premise plumbing JO - Lett Appl Microbiol VL - 53 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03094.x DO - 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03094.x ID - Buse2011 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nagington, J. AU - Smith, D. J. PY - 1980 DA - 1980// TI - Pontiac fever and amoebae JO - Lancet VL - 316 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92494-0 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92494-0 ID - Nagington1980 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Brown, A. D. PY - 1957 DA - 1957// TI - Some general properties of a psychrophilic pseudomonad: the effects of temperature on some of these properties and the utilization of glucose by this organism and Pseudomonas aeruginosa JO - J Gen Microbiol VL - 17 UR - https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-17-3-640 DO - 10.1099/00221287-17-3-640 ID - Brown1957 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kooij, D. AU - Oranje, J. P. AU - Hijnen, W. A. PY - 1982 DA - 1982// TI - Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in tap water in relation to utilization of substrates at concentrations of a few micrograms per liter JO - Appl Environ Microbiol VL - 44 ID - Kooij1982 ER -